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Dry cell battery by Wilhelm Hellesen 1890. Many experimenters tried to immobilize the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell to make it more convenient to use. The Zamboni pile of 1812 is a high-voltage dry battery but capable of delivering only minute currents.
The container of the zinc–carbon dry cell is a zinc can (anode). The bottom and sides of the can contains a paper separator layer which is impregnated with ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) along with a thickening agent to form an aqueous electrolyte paste.
A 1919 illustration of a Leclanché cell. The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. [1] [2] [3] The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant).
Commercial electrolyte solutions are available, particularly for sick children (such as oral rehydration solution, Suero Oral, or Pedialyte) and athletes (sports drinks). Electrolyte monitoring is important in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. In science, electrolytes are one of the main components of electrochemical cells. [2]
A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell, since the liquid covers all internal parts or vented cell, since gases produced during operation can escape to the air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly used as a learning tool for electrochemistry.
In 1886, Carl Gassner obtained a German patent [14] on a variant of the Leclanché cell, which came to be known as the dry cell because it does not have a free liquid electrolyte. Instead, the ammonium chloride is mixed with plaster of Paris to create a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added in to extend the shelf life.
Because cadmium has low solubility in the alkaline electrolyte, these batteries have long storage life. [4] A 12 volt battery of this type was formerly used for residential smoke detectors. It was designed as a series stack of cells, where one cell had a reduced capacity resulting in a very distinct two-step voltage discharge characteristic.
Each cell needs around 1 cm 3 of air per minute at a 10 mA discharge rate. These cells are commonly used in hearing aids. A sealing tab keeps air out of the cell in storage; a few weeks after breaking the seal the electrolyte will dry out and the battery becomes unusable, regardless of use. Nominal voltage on discharge is 1.2 V.
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