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These fortifications were apparently older than the Theodosian Walls, probably dating to sometime in the 4th century, and were then connected to the new city walls under Theodosius II, with the western wall forming the outer face of the city's defenses and the eastern wall fell into disrepair. [131] Today, the Theodosian Walls are connected in ...
Kazlıçeşme was chosen as a place outside the city walls due to the very bad smell produced by ancient tanneries. There were 360 tanneries and 33 butcheries in Kazlıçeşme at a time. The tanneries and the factories of leatherware industry in the area moved in 1993, to a modern industrial zone in Tuzla district on the Asian of Istanbul ...
The seven hills, all located in the area within the walls, first appeared when the valleys of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were opened up during the Secondary and Tertiary periods. In the Ottoman Age , as in the earlier Byzantine period, each hill was surmounted by monumental religious buildings (churches under the Byzantines, imperial ...
Air pollution in Turkey, such as fine dust from traffic, is a serious problem in Istanbul. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although the historic peninsula was partially pedestrianised in the early 21st century, [ 3 ] a 2015 study found that this is the part of the city which would benefit most from a low emission zone . [ 4 ]
Column of the Goths in Gülhane Park. The most important monuments of Roman architecture in the city include the Column of Constantine (Turkish: Çemberlitaş), which was erected in 330 by Constantine the Great for marking the declaration of the new capital city of the Roman Empire and contained several fragments of the True Cross and other artifacts belonging to Jesus Christ and Virgin Mary ...
The Theodosian Walls consisted of a double wall lying about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. [12] Constantinople's location between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara reduced the land area that needed defensive walls.
Map of Byzantine Constantinople. The Lycus runs through the city from northwest to south. The Lycus (Greek: Λύκος, romanized: Lykos, lit. "wolf"; Turkish: Bayrampaşa Deresi) is a stream, now vaulted over, that flowed in Constantinople (today's Istanbul), which was important for historical reasons.
The cistern area is about 20 by 40 m (66 by 131 ft), and the roof with 45 sail vaults is supported by 32 marble columns about 11 m (36 ft) high. All column capitals are of Corinthian order with stylized acanthus leaves bearing impost blocks above.