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Cardiovascular disease in women is an integral area of research in the ongoing studies of women's health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term for a wide range of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, including but not limited to, coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarctions, and aortic aneurysms.
Atherosclerosis [a] is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, [8] characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and is driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. [9]
Each year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 735,000 people have a heart attack and 610,000 people die of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Symptoms include chest pain or angina, shortness of breath, and fatigue. [6]A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. [6] Common heart attack symptoms include chest pain or angina, pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck jaw, teeth or the upper belly, cold sweats, fatigue, heartburn, nausea, shortness of breath, or lightheadedness.
Clogged arteries can be a significant factor in severe heart conditions.
Other health conditions common in women can increase risk of heart disease, including migraine, polycystic ovarian syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Among women who experience a heart attack, many do not have any prior chest pain. [19] Due to alterations in sensory pathways, diabetic and elderly individuals also may present without any chest pain and may have atypical symptoms similar to those seen in women. [8] This type of ischemia is also known as silent ischemia. [21] [22] [23] [24]
In CAD, atheromatous plaque formation in a coronary artery limits oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes, impairing heart contractility. CAD severity varies based on the extent of coronary artery occlusion. At 75% luminal narrowing, patients experience symptoms associated with limited perfusion of cardiomyocytes, [ 11 ] especially under strenuous ...
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