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Pepsin / ˈ p ɛ p s ɪ n / is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. It is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food. Pepsin is an aspartic protease, using a catalytic aspartate in its active site. [2]
Lipid rafts are involved in cell signalling and their disruption causes a reduction in the immune inflammatory response, particularly by reducing interferon gamma. [103] Cgt is also secreted by the type IV secretion system, and is secreted in a selective way so that gastric niches where the pathogen can thrive are created. [ 102 ]
Septic shock is a result of a systemic response to infection or multiple infectious causes. The precipitating infections that may lead to septic shock if severe enough include but are not limited to appendicitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA and mesenteric ischemia.
Medical imaging is helpful when looking for the possible location of the infection. [9] Other potential causes of similar signs and symptoms include anaphylaxis, adrenal insufficiency, low blood volume, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism. [2] Sepsis requires immediate treatment with intravenous fluids and antimicrobial medications.
A defect of the enzyme results in the premature breakdown of red blood cells. This destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. [6] Red blood cell breakdown may be triggered by infections, certain medication, stress, or foods such as fava beans. [1] [3] Depending on the specific mutation the severity of the condition may vary. [2 ...
Any patient presenting with signs or symptoms of bacteremia or a positive blood culture should be started on intravenous antibiotics. [23] The choice of antibiotic is determined by the most likely source of infection and by the characteristic organisms that typically cause that infection.
The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and a number of hormones. [1] There are two main types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. [1] Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, and vomiting. [1] The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe. [1]
Pancytopenia – when all three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are all deficient. This is a life-threatening disorder that is a characteristic of aplastic anemia. [3] There are also two general causes of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory.