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The Möbius function () is a multiplicative function in number theory introduced by the German mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius (also transliterated Moebius) in 1832. [ i ] [ ii ] [ 2 ] It is ubiquitous in elementary and analytic number theory and most often appears as part of its namesake the Möbius inversion formula .
For example, if one starts with Euler's totient function φ, and repeatedly applies the transformation process, one obtains: φ the totient function; φ ∗ 1 = I, where I(n) = n is the identity function; I ∗ 1 = σ 1 = σ, the divisor function; If the starting function is the Möbius function itself, the list of functions is: μ, the Möbius ...
Examples of this trope include Martin Gardner ' s "No-Sided Professor" (1946), Armin Joseph Deutsch ' s "A Subway Named Mobius" (1950) and the film Moebius (1996) based on it. An entire world shaped like a Möbius strip is the setting of Arthur C. Clarke 's "The Wall of Darkness" (1946), while conventional Möbius strips are used as clever ...
A two-dimensional representation of the Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ ˈ k l aɪ n /) is an example of a non-orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.
The existence of the inverse Möbius transformation and its explicit formula are easily derived by the composition of the inverse functions of the simpler transformations. That is, define functions g 1 , g 2 , g 3 , g 4 such that each g i is the inverse of f i .
For example, R n has a standard volume form given by dx 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ dx n. Given a volume form on M, the collection of all charts U → R n for which the standard volume form pulls back to a positive multiple of ω is an oriented atlas. The existence of a volume form is therefore equivalent to orientability of the manifold.
Mertens function to n = 10 000 Mertens function to n = 10 000 000. In number theory, the Mertens function is defined for all positive integers n as = = (), where () is the Möbius function. The function is named in honour of Franz Mertens.
In graph theory, the Möbius ladder M n, for even numbers n, is formed from an n-cycle by adding edges (called "rungs") connecting opposite pairs of vertices in the cycle. It is a cubic, circulant graph, so-named because (with the exception of M 6 (the utility graph K 3,3), M n has exactly n/2 four-cycles [1] which link together by their shared edges to form a topological Möbius strip.