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Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom), [3] and formerly mental retardation (in the United States), [4] [5] [6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
There are a variety of disabilities affecting cognitive ability.This is a broad concept encompassing various intellectual or cognitive deficits, including intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation), deficits too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, various specific conditions (such as specific learning disability), and problems acquired later in life through ...
Larry P. v. Riles is a California court case in which the court held that IQ tests could not be used to place African-American students in special education classes.. Five African-American children had been placed in special classes for the "educable mentally retarded", based on low IQ test scores.
Mental disability may refer to: Developmental disability , a chronic condition due to mental or physical impairments arising before adulthood Disabilities affecting intellectual abilities , medical conditions affecting cognitive ability including:
Many of the terms such as mental illness and psychopathology were used to describe adults with such conditions. [8] Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness. [ 9 ]
His interest in the field of special education continued as he worked closely with individuals with learning disabilities. Samuel Kirk “wrote so widely and so authoritatively on so many aspects of mental retardation and learning disorders and was responsible for so many innovations in diagnosis, training, and social policy”. [1]
The bill changed references in federal law; the term mental retardation was replaced by mental disability. Additionally, the phrase "mentally retarded individual" was replaced with "an individual with an intellectual disability". [14] Rosa's Law was named after Rosa Marcellino, a nine-year-old girl with Down syndrome.
Educationally subnormal was a term used historically in the United Kingdom to refer to children with very limited intellectual abilities. Throughout much of the 20th century, British education policy focused on separating these children from the wider school population and they were often viewed as being incapable of meaningful improvement.