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T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or rough ER; also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). [7] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon. [8]
The unusual microscopic anatomy of a muscle cell gave rise to its terminology. The cytoplasm in a muscle cell is termed the sarcoplasm; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell is termed the sarcoplasmic reticulum; and the cell membrane in a muscle cell is termed the sarcolemma. [9]
The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath), also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fibre or a cardiomyocyte. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material ( glycocalyx ) that contacts the basement membrane .
The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca 2+ into the SR. [6] A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban (PLB) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction (affinity) to calcium, therefore preventing ...
Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.It is comparable to the cytoplasm of other cells, but it contains unusually large amounts of glycogen (a polymer of glucose), myoglobin, a red-colored protein necessary for binding oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers, and mitochondria.
SERCA2 can be regulated by microRNAs, for instance miR-25 suppresses SERCA2 in heart failure. For experimental purposes, SERCA can be inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime. SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits [8] and in rodent myocardium [9] [10] by thyroid hormones. This mechanism may contribute to the ...
In general, there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are: The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus; The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope)