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Lesson 3: DNA replication. DNA replication and RNA transcription and translation. Leading and lagging strands in DNA replication. Speed and precision of DNA replication. Molecular structure of DNA. Molecular mechanism of DNA replication. Mode of DNA replication: Meselson-Stahl experiment. DNA proofreading and repair. Telomeres and telomerase.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a vital technique in molecular biology, enabling researchers to amplify specific DNA fragments exponentially. Essential for cloning, forensics, and medical diagnostics, PCR involves three main steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension.
DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of nucleotides forming a double helix structure. Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, pair up through hydrogen bonds, creating the rungs of the DNA ladder. Created by Sal Khan.
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Review the structure and replication of DNA, including key concepts and mechanisms.
Replication creates identical DNA strands, while transcription converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life functions. Created by Sal Khan.
DNA and chromatin regulation. Regulation of transcription. Cellular specialization (differentiation) Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) Operons and gene regulation in bacteria. Overview: Gene regulation in bacteria. Lac operon. The lac operon. Trp operon. The trp operon. Overview: Eukaryotic gene regulation.
How does DNA ligase do this? Using ATP as an energy source, ligase catalyzes a reaction in which the phosphate group sticking off the 5’ end of one DNA strand is linked to the hydroxyl group sticking off the 3’ end of the other. This reaction produces an intact sugar-phosphate backbone.
Transcription involves rewriting genetic information from DNA to mRNA, with RNA polymerase playing a crucial role. In eukaryotic cells, DNA to mRNA transcription occurs within the nucleus, producing pre-mRNA.