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Moreover, neural and deep learning methods are widely used in industry where they are extensively tested. [ 114 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The topic of reproducibility is not new in recommender systems. By 2011, Ekstrand , Konstan , et al. criticized that "it is currently difficult to reproduce and extend recommender systems research results," and that ...
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least two hidden layers. [3] Artificial neural networks are used for various tasks, including predictive modeling, adaptive control, and solving problems in artificial intelligence. They can learn from experience, and can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated ...
Some artificial neural networks are adaptive systems and are used for example to model populations and environments, which constantly change. Neural networks can be hardware- (neurons are represented by physical components) or software-based (computer models), and can use a variety of topologies and learning algorithms.
For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
MATLAB + Deep Learning Toolbox (formally Neural Network Toolbox) MathWorks: 1992 Proprietary: No Linux, macOS, Windows: C, C++, Java, MATLAB: MATLAB: No No Train with Parallel Computing Toolbox and generate CUDA code with GPU Coder [23] No Yes [24] Yes [25] [26] Yes [25] Yes [25] Yes With Parallel Computing Toolbox [27] Yes Microsoft Cognitive ...
A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a regularized type of feed-forward neural network that learns features by itself via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process and make predictions from many different types of data including text, images and audio. [ 1 ]
[2] [3] It is a framework with wide support for deep learning algorithms. [4] Deeplearning4j includes implementations of the restricted Boltzmann machine, deep belief net, deep autoencoder, stacked denoising autoencoder and recursive neural tensor network, word2vec, doc2vec, and GloVe.