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A false statement, also known as a falsehood, falsity, misstatement or untruth, is a statement that is false or does not align with reality. This concept spans various fields, including communication , law , linguistics , and philosophy .
List of cognitive biases; List of common misconceptions; List of memory biases; List of paradoxes; Outline of public relations – Overview of and topical guide to public relations; Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object (confusing map with territory, menu with meal)
In contrast, the logical empiricism movement, which included such philosophers as Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, and A. J. Ayer wanted to formalize the idea that, for a law to be scientific, it must be possible to argue on the basis of observations either in favor of its truth or its falsity. There was no consensus among these ...
Broadly speaking, a logical truth is a statement which is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions. In other words, a logical truth is a statement which is not only true, but one which is true under all interpretations of its logical components (other than its logical constants).
List of fallacies; Apophasis – Stating something by saying the opposite; Cognitive bias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment; Demagogue – Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public; Fallacies of definition – Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
Deception is the act of convincing one or many recipients of untrue information. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it (although it is not always the case). [1]
As Aristotle pointed out, since some sentences are questions, commands, or meaningless, not all can be truth-bearers. If in the proposal "What makes the sentence Snow is white true is the fact that snow is white" it is assumed that sentences like Snow is white are truth-bearers, then it would be more clearly stated as "What makes the meaningful-declarative-sentence Snow is white true is the ...
In a 1997 study, Ralph Hertwig, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ulrich Hoffrage linked the illusory truth effect to the phenomenon known as "hindsight bias", described as a situation in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth or falsity has been received. They have described the effect (which they call "the reiteration effect") as a ...