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The inhabitants of the empire, now generally termed Byzantines, thought of themselves as Romans (Romaioi).Their Islamic neighbours similarly called their empire the "land of the Romans" (Bilād al-Rūm), but the people of medieval Western Europe preferred to call them "Greeks" (Graeci), due to having a contested legacy to Roman identity and to associate negative connotations from ancient Latin ...
The Byzantine army was defeated decisively on 30 July 634 in the Battle of Ajnadayn. It was the first major pitched battle between the Muslims and Byzantines and cleared the way for the former to capture central Syria. Damascus, the Byzantine stronghold, was conquered shortly after on 19 September 634. The Byzantine army was given a deadline of ...
The Byzantine Empire's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. From the 3rd to 6th centuries, the Greek East and Latin West of the Roman Empire gradually diverged, marked by Diocletian's (r. 284–305) formal partition of its administration in 285, [1] the establishment of an eastern capital in Constantinople by Constantine I in 330, [n ...
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
The Caliphate's division during the Second Muslim Civil War allowed Byzantium to achieve not only peace but also a position of predominance on its eastern frontier. Armenia and Iberia reverted for a time to Byzantine control, and Cyprus became a condominium between Byzantium and the Caliphate.
The Arab–Byzantine wars or Muslim–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between multiple Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire. The Muslim Arab Caliphates conquered large parts of the Christian Byzantine empire and unsuccessfully attacked the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. The frontier between the ...
The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arabic: فَتْحُ الشَّام, romanized: Fatḥ al-šām; lit. ' Conquest of Syria '), or Arab conquest of Syria, [1] was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.
Syria retained its Byzantine-era bureaucracy, which was staffed by Christians including the head of the tax administration, Sarjun ibn Mansur. [124] The latter had served Mu'awiya in the same capacity before his attainment of the caliphate, [125] and Sarjun's father was the likely holder of the office under Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641). [124]