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The pathophysiology depends on the specific cause of right axis deviation. Most causes can be attributed to one of four main mechanisms. [14] [15] These include right ventricular hypertrophy, reduced muscle mass of left ventricle, altered conduction pathways and change in the position of the heart in the chest. [citation needed]
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
Research in the late 2000s has linked this finding to ventricular fibrillation, particularly in those who have fainted or have a family history of sudden cardiac death. [5] [6] [7] Although there is a significant relationship between ventricular fibrillation and some early repolarization's patterns, the overall lifetime occurrence of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is exceptionally rare. [8]
A P wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia. [3] It can also indicate right atrial enlargement. [4] A P wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia. [5] P-wave changes in left and right atrial hypertrophy. Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation [6] or hypertrophy. [1]
The 2018 European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/World Health Federation Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require new ST elevation at J point of at least 1mm (0.1 mV) in two contiguous leads with the cut-points: ≥1 mm in all leads ...
In pulmonary embolism, T wave can be symmetrically inverted at V2 to V4 leads but sinus tachycardia is usually the more common finding. T wave inversion is only present in 19% of mild pulmonary embolism, but the T inversion can be present in 85% of the cases in severe pulmonary embolism. Besides, T inversion can also exists in leads III and aVF ...
“The consequences of wrong-way driving can be devastating and deadly.” Five people died in a crash involving a wrong-way driver on the M6 near Tebay services, Cumbria on October 15.
Situs inversus (also called situs transversus or oppositus) is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. . The normal arrangement of internal organs is known as situs solit