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The problems are posed in Gauss's Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of 1801 (Section V, Articles 303 and 304). [1] Gauss discusses imaginary quadratic fields in Article 303, stating the first two conjectures, and discusses real quadratic fields in Article 304, stating the third conjecture. Gauss conjecture (class number tends to infinity)
Another example is the distribution of the last digit of prime numbers. Except for 2 and 5, all prime numbers end in 1, 3, 7, or 9. Dirichlet's theorem states that asymptotically, 25% of all primes end in each of these four digits.
both are nonzero and a 2 + b 2 is a prime number (which will not be of the form 4n + 3). In other words, a Gaussian integer m is a Gaussian prime if and only if either its norm is a prime number, or m is the product of a unit (±1, ±i) and a prime number of the form 4n + 3.
The following are examples of problems in analytic number theory: the prime number theorem, the Goldbach conjecture (or the twin prime conjecture, or the Hardy–Littlewood conjectures), the Waring problem and the Riemann hypothesis.
Gauss circle problem: number theory: Carl Friedrich Gauss: 553 Gilbert–Pollack conjecture on the Steiner ratio of the Euclidean plane: metric geometry: Edgar Gilbert and Henry O. Pollak: Gilbreath conjecture: number theory: Norman Laurence Gilbreath: 34 Goldbach's conjecture: number theory: ⇒The ternary Goldbach conjecture, which was the ...
The fundamental theorem can be derived from Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid's Elements.. If two numbers by multiplying one another make some number, and any prime number measure the product, it will also measure one of the original numbers.
New Mersenne conjecture: for any odd natural number, if any two of the three conditions = or =, is prime, and (+) / is prime are true, then the third condition is also true. Polignac's conjecture : for all positive even numbers n {\displaystyle n} , there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n {\displaystyle n} .
Much of analytic number theory was inspired by the prime number theorem. Let π(x) be the prime-counting function that gives the number of primes less than or equal to x, for any real number x. For example, π(10) = 4 because there are four prime numbers (2, 3, 5 and 7) less than or equal to 10.