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In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid , but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid.
Köhler curves showing how the critical diameter and supersaturation are dependent upon the amount of solute. It's assumed here that the solute is a perfect sphere of sodium chloride with a dry diameter Dp. Köhler theory describes the vapor pressure of aqueous aerosol particles in thermodynamic equilibrium with a humid atmosphere.
This O 2 /Ar supersaturation can be defined as ∆(O 2 /Ar)=(c(O 2)/c(Ar)) / (c sat (O 2)/(c sat (Ar))) -1 where (∆O 2)/Ar is the difference between O 2 production via photosynthesis and removal via respiration, c is the concentration of dissolved gas and c sat is the saturated concentration of the gas in water at a specific temperature ...
Supersaturation, where the concentration of a solute exceeds its maximum solubility at equilibrium Undersaturation , where the concentration of a solute is less than its maximum solubility at equilibrium
The "degree of unsaturation" is a formula used to summarize and diagram the amount of hydrogen that a compound can bind. Unsaturation can be determined by NMR , mass spectrometry , and IR spectroscopy , or by determining a compound's bromine number or iodine number .
Supersaturation of more than 1–2% relative to water is rarely seen in the atmosphere, since cloud condensation nuclei are usually present. [27] Much higher degrees of supersaturation are possible in clean air, and are the basis of the cloud chamber. There are no instruments to take measurements of supersaturation in clouds. [28]
Critical radius is the minimum particle size from which an aggregate is thermodynamically stable. In other words, it is the lowest radius formed by atoms or molecules clustering together (in a gas, liquid or solid matrix) before a new phase inclusion (a bubble, a droplet or a solid particle) is viable and begins to grow.
The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase". [3]The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., [4] [5] is not general and, thus, is not recommended.