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In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid , but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid.
Köhler curves showing how the critical diameter and supersaturation are dependent upon the amount of solute. It's assumed here that the solute is a perfect sphere of sodium chloride with a dry diameter Dp. Köhler theory describes the vapor pressure of aqueous aerosol particles in thermodynamic equilibrium with a humid atmosphere
The tips of these protrusions will clearly be the points of highest supersaturation. It is generally believed that the protrusion will become longer (and thinner at the tip) until the effect of interfacial free energy in raising the chemical potential slows the tip growth and maintains a constant value for the tip thickness.
Supersaturation refers to a variant of the forbidden subgraph problem, where we consider when some -uniform graph contains many copies of some forbidden subgraph . Intuitively, one would expect this to once G {\displaystyle G} contains significantly more than ex ( n , H ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {ex} (n,H)} edges.
Cloud droplets initially form by the condensation of water vapor onto condensation nuclei when the supersaturation of air exceeds a critical value according to Köhler theory. Cloud condensation nuclei are necessary for cloud droplets formation because of the Kelvin effect , which describes the change in saturation vapor pressure due to a ...
A condition known as supersaturation may develop. Supersaturation by gas may be defined as a sum of all partial pressures of gases dissolved in the liquid which exceeds the ambient pressure in the liquid. [19] The gas will not necessarily form bubbles in the solvent at this stage, but supersaturation is necessary for bubble growth. [3]
The supersaturation is achieved by a gradual reduction in temperature of the solution in the autoclave. The disadvantage of this technique is the difficulty in controlling the growth process and introducing seed crystals. For these reasons, this technique is very seldom used.
Sir Henry Alexander Miers, FRS [1] (25 May 1858 – 10 December 1942) was a British mineralogist and crystallographer. Born in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Oxford .