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  2. Commutative property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property

    The Egyptians used the commutative property of multiplication to simplify computing products. [7] [8] Euclid is known to have assumed the commutative property of multiplication in his book Elements. [9] Formal uses of the commutative property arose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when mathematicians began to work on a theory of ...

  3. Matrix multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_multiplication

    Matrix multiplication shares some properties with usual multiplication. However, matrix multiplication is not defined if the number of columns of the first factor differs from the number of rows of the second factor, and it is non-commutative, [10] even when the product remains defined after changing the order of the factors. [11] [12]

  4. Associative algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra

    A commutative algebra is an associative algebra for which the multiplication is commutative, or, equivalently, an associative algebra that is also a commutative ring. In this article associative algebras are assumed to have a multiplicative identity, denoted 1; they are sometimes called unital associative algebras for clarification.

  5. Matrix theory (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)

    In ordinary geometry, the coordinates of a point are numbers, so they can be multiplied, and the product of two coordinates does not depend on the order of multiplication. That is, xy = yx . This property of multiplication is known as the commutative law , and this relationship between geometry and the commutative algebra of coordinates is the ...

  6. Abelian group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group

    In general, matrices, even invertible matrices, do not form an abelian group under multiplication because matrix multiplication is generally not commutative. However, some groups of matrices are abelian groups under matrix multiplication – one example is the group of 2 × 2 {\displaystyle 2\times 2} rotation matrices .

  7. Associative property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_property

    For example, the order does not matter in the multiplication of real numbers, that is, a × b = b × a, so we say that the multiplication of real numbers is a commutative operation. However, operations such as function composition and matrix multiplication are associative, but not (generally) commutative.

  8. Commuting matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuting_matrices

    The property of two matrices commuting is not transitive: A matrix may commute with both and , and still and do not commute with each other. As an example, the identity matrix commutes with all matrices, which between them do not all commute. If the set of matrices considered is restricted to Hermitian matrices without multiple eigenvalues ...

  9. Ring (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)

    The prototypical example is the ring of integers with the two operations of addition and multiplication. The rational, real and complex numbers are commutative rings of a type called fields. A unital associative algebra over a commutative ring R is itself a ring as well as an R-module. Some examples:

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