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The Fontan Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack of a heart valve (e.g. tricuspid or mitral atresia), an abnormality of the pumping ability of the heart (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome or hypoplastic right heart syndrome), or a complex congenital heart disease where a bi-ventricular repair is impossible or ...
The last surgery, known as the Fontan procedure, is typically performed around the age of 18 months and older. The final result of these surgeries is to redirect the superior and inferior vena cavae into the pulmonary artery, bypassing the right atrium. [citation needed] In a stage 1 Norwood procedure for hypoplastic right heart, the main ...
Thereafter, a patient subsequently undergoes a three-stage palliative repair over the next few years of life. [10] The Norwood procedure is typically done within a few days of birth. [10] The Glenn procedure is typically performed at three to six months of age. [10] Finally the Fontan procedure is done sometime between the age of two and five ...
[1] [2] Isolated levocardia may occur with heart defects and patients without having operations have low life expectancy: only about 5% to 13% of patients survive more than 5 years. [3] Therefore, even though the risk of cardiac surgeries is high, once patients are diagnosed , operations are suggested to be held as soon as possible.
An estimated annual 1,000 Fontan procedures are performed annually in the United States, with an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 patients having completed the procedure as of 2018. [14] [15] In Europe, an estimated 25,000 patients have completed the Fontan procedure as of 2021. [4]
In the latter case, prostaglandin E1 is used to maintain the PDA connection until emergency corrective surgery can be completed. As oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood in both cases, there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity. [4] It is also possible for tricuspid atresia to appear without the life-saving defects.
When possible Glenn procedure is done. [1] Later, surgical options include the Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure, the Fontan procedure, and the Norwood procedure. The goal of all of these is separating the pulmonary and the systemic circulation. [2] Usually, DILV is associated with other cardiac malformations.
The Mustard procedure improved an 80% mortality rate in the first year of life to an 80% survival at age 20. Long-term follow-up studies now extend to more than 40 years post-operation [4] and there are numerous patients thriving in their 50s.