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An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals. In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen.
Firefighters are exposed to risks of fire and building collapse during their work.. In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. [1] Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to something that humans value (such as health, well-being, wealth, property or the environment), often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences. [2]
Risk is the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard. Risk is a combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. [11] For example in terms of water security: examples of hazards are droughts, floods and decline in water quality. Bad ...
They can be reversible or irreversible, and a compromise must be found by the physician and the patient between the beneficial or life-saving consequences of surgery versus its adverse effects. For example, a limb may be lost to amputation in case of untreatable gangrene , but the patient's life is saved.
Negative (positive) contrast effect (psychology) Negativity effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories) Neglected firm effect (business analysis) Nernst effect (electrodynamics) (thermodynamics) Network effect (business models) (economics effects) (information technology) (monopoly [economics]) (networks) (transport economics)
An example of this is the slippery-slope argument, which encourages others to avoid a specified act on the grounds that it may ultimately lead to undesirable consequences. [32] Often "negative" consequentialist theories assert that reducing suffering is more important than increasing pleasure.
Originally coined to describe military operations, [1] it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to negative unintended consequences of an action. [2] [3] Since the development of precision-guided munitions in the 1970s, military forces often claim to have gone to great lengths to minimize collateral damage. [4]
Most drugs and procedures have a multitude of reported adverse side effects; the information leaflets provided with virtually all drugs list possible side effects. Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are: