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  2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

    An alternative, which is used for voltage references that need to be highly stable over long periods of time, is to use a Zener diode with a temperature coefficient (TC) of +2 mV/°C (breakdown voltage 6.2–6.3 V) connected in series with a forward-biased silicon diode (or a transistor B–E junction) manufactured on the same chip. [4]

  3. Voltage-regulator tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube

    VR tubes can be operated in series for greater voltage ranges. They cannot be operated in parallel: because of manufacturing variations, the current would not be shared equally among several tubes in parallel. (Note the equivalent behavior with series and parallel connected Zener diodes.)

  4. Back-to-back connection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-back_connection

    In electronics, a back-to-back connection is the connection of two identical or similar components in series with the opposite polarity. This is used to convert polarised components to non-polar use. Common examples include: electrolytic capacitors; zener diodes

  5. Voltage regulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator

    Since the forward voltage of a diode is small, this kind of voltage regulator is only suitable for low voltage regulated output. When higher voltage output is needed, a zener diode or series of zener diodes may be employed. Zener diode regulators make use of the zener diode's fixed reverse voltage, which can be quite large.

  6. Voltage reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_reference

    Zener diodes are also frequently used to provide a reference voltage of moderate stability and accuracy, useful for many electronic devices. An avalanche diode displays a similar stable voltage over a range of current. The most stable diodes of this type are made by temperature-compensating a Zener diode by placing it in series with a forward ...

  7. Diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

    BZ-series silicon Zener diodes (e.g., BZY88C4V7 4.7V Zener diode) Other common numbering/coding systems (generally manufacturer-driven) include: GD-series germanium diodes (e.g., GD9) – this is a very old coding system; OA-series germanium diodes (e.g., OA47) – a coding sequence developed by Mullard, a UK company

  8. Zener effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

    In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...

  9. Linear regulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator

    Here, the load current I R2 is supplied by the transistor whose base is now connected to the Zener diode. Thus the transistor's base current (I B) forms the load current for the Zener diode and is much smaller than the current through R 2. This regulator is classified as "series" because the regulating element, viz., the transistor, appears in ...

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