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The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex.
ABO antigens and antibodies. Blood types are defined according to the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The most important of these in medicine are the ABO and RhD antigens [7]: 585 but many other blood group systems exist and may be clinically relevant in some situations.
ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum. The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes (red blood cells). [1]
Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", [1] and include the common ABO and Rh ...
Rh antibodies are Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens.
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen in a highly specific interaction analogous to a lock and key.. An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease.
Lewis antibodies are almost always clinically insignificant because: transfused red cells shed their Lewis antigens and acquire the Lewis phenotype of the recipient; Lewis antibodies are quickly adsorbed by free serum Lewis antigens, [2] [7] Therefore, it is not necessary to transfuse antigen-negative blood components for most patients.
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