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Ptolemy, a Macedonian Greek who was one of Alexander's most trusted generals and confidants, won control of Egypt from his rivals and declared himself its ruler. [Note 1] [11] [12] Alexandria, a Greek polis founded by Alexander, became the capital city and a major center of Greek culture, learning, and trade for the next several centuries.
Ptolemy, a general and one of the somatophylakes (bodyguard companions) of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour".
Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of Egypt Mazaces in 332 BC, marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt which stabilized after Alexander's death into the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.It ended with her suicide in August 30 BC, [note 1] which also marked the conclusion of the Hellenistic period and the annexation of Egypt into a Roman province.
The first 30 divisions come from the 3rd century BC Egyptian priest Manetho, whose Aegyptaiaca, was probably written for a Greek-speaking Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt but survives only in fragments and summaries. The names of the last two, the short-lived Persian-ruled 31st Dynasty and the longer-lasting Ptolemaic Dynasty, are later coinings.
Berenice IV Epiphaneia (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη; 77–55 BC, born and died in Alexandria, Egypt) was a Greek princess and Queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty.From 58 to 55 BC, Berenice IV ruled Egypt during the political exile of her father Ptolemy XII Auletes to Rome.
Berenice was originally from Eordaea. [1] She was the daughter of princess Antigone of Macedon, and an obscure local, a Macedonian nobleman called Magas. [2] Her maternal grandfather was a nobleman called Cassander who was the brother of Antipater, the regent for Alexander's empire, [2] and through her mother was a relation to his family.
Sobekneferu was the first confirmed woman to rule Egypt in her own right as 'female king' and the first to adopt the full royal titulary. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] She was also the first ruler associated with the crocodile god Sobek by name, whose identity appears in both her birth and throne names. [ 29 ]