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  2. Hudson's equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson's_equation

    Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.

  3. Rubble trench foundation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_trench_foundation

    The rubble trench foundation, an ancient construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. [1] It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of foundation because cement manufacturing requires the use ...

  4. Damp proofing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damp_proofing

    DPC visible between concrete foundation and brickwork. Damp proofing is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as a material that resists the passage of water with no hydrostatic pressure. [1] Waterproof is defined by the ASTM as a treatment that resists the passage of water under pressure. [1]

  5. French drain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_drain

    A diagram of a traditional French drain. A French drain [1] (also known by other names including trench drain, blind drain, [1] rubble drain, [1] and rock drain [1]) is a trench filled with gravel or rock, or both, with or without a perforated pipe that redirects surface water and groundwater away from an area.

  6. Waterproofing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing

    The roof covering materials, siding, foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces must be water-resistant and sometimes waterproof. Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping roof, but in some conditions, such as ice damming and on flat roofs, the roofing must be ...

  7. Construction aggregate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregate

    In Europe, sizing ranges are specified as d/D, where the d shows the smallest and D shows the largest square mesh grating that the particles can pass. Application-specific preferred sizings are covered in European Standard EN 13043 for road construction, EN 13383 for larger armour stone, EN 12620 for concrete aggregate, EN 13242 for base layers of road construction, and EN 13450 for railway ...

  8. Foundation (engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)

    Shallow foundations of a house versus the deep foundations of a skyscraper. Foundation with pipe fixtures coming through the sleeves. In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground.

  9. Basement waterproofing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_waterproofing

    Waterproofing a structure from the exterior is the only method the U.S. International Building Code (IBC) recognizes as adequate to prevent structural damage caused by water intrusion. Waterproofing an existing basement begins with excavating to the bottom sides of the footings. Once excavated, the walls are then power washed and allowed to dry.

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