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  2. Devolution (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_(biology)

    Devolution, de-evolution, or backward evolution (not to be confused with dysgenics) is the notion that species can revert to supposedly more primitive forms over time. The concept relates to the idea that evolution has a divine purpose ( teleology ) and is thus progressive ( orthogenesis ), for example that feet might be better than hooves , or ...

  3. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian...

    The mediaeval great chain of being as a staircase, implying the possibility of progress: [1] Ramon Lull's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind, 1305. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.

  4. Objections to evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution

    Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different ...

  5. Homology (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)

    The opposite of homologous organs are analogous organs which do similar jobs in two taxa that were not present in their most recent common ancestor but rather evolved separately. For example, the wings of insects and birds evolved independently in widely separated groups, and converged functionally to support powered flight, so

  6. Convergent evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution

    The opposite of convergence is divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evolution , which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics; for instance, gliding frogs have evolved in parallel from ...

  7. Inversion (evolutionary biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary...

    Generalized protostome and chordate body plans illustrating the opposite orientation of dorsoventral structures. Concomitant with the change in orientation of these structures is the inversion of domains of expression of TGF-β signals ( dpp /BMPs) and their inhibitors ( sog /Chordin).

  8. Red Queen hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis

    The rabbit evolves increasing speed to escape the attack of the fox, and the fox evolves increasing speed to reach the rabbit. This evolution is constant; were one of the two to stop evolving, it would go extinct. The Red Queen hypothesis has been invoked by some authors to explain evolution of aging.

  9. Polygenism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenism

    This view is opposite to the idea of monogenism, ... Polygenist evolution is the belief that humans evolved independently from separate species of apes.