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[2] [4] Plants do not need cobalamin and carry out the reactions with enzymes that are not dependent on it. [5] Vitamin B 12 is the most chemically complex of all vitamins, [6] and for humans the only vitamin that must be sourced from animal-derived foods or supplements. [2] [7] Only some archaea and bacteria can synthesize vitamin B 12. [8]
Because vitamin B 12 absorption is a multistep process that involves the stomach, pancreas and small intestine, and is mediated by two carriers: Haptocorrin and intrinsic factor, and because Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) binds to vitamin B 12, and Vitamin B 12 is acid-sensitive, when vitamin B 12 binds to Haptocorrin it can safely pass through ...
This process does not affect absorption of small amounts of B 12 in supplements such as multivitamins, since it is not bound to proteins, as is the B 12 in foods. [127] Some infections such as giardiasis , [ 129 ] and diphyllobothriasis caused by parasites can also cause malabsorption.
The body’s ability to absorb B12 often declines with age, ... Women who are pregnant or considering becoming pregnant should get at least 400 micrograms per day, ...
A vitamin B12 level of less than 200 pg/mL is considered deficient. ... your ability to absorb vitamin B12 may decline so I often recommend up to 1,000 mcg per day.” ... with pregnant and ...
Everyone requires a certain amount of B12 depending on their age, starting with .5 mcg per day for infants up to 2.4 mcg for teens and adults and even more—2.6 mcg and 2.8 mcg, respectively, for ...
It primarily serves to protect cobalamin (Vitamin B12) from acid degradation in the stomach by producing a HC-Vitamin B 12 complex. Once the complex has traveled to the more pH-neutral duodenum, pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin, releasing free cobalamin, which now binds to intrinsic factor for absorption by ileal enterocytes.
The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B 12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B 12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa.
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