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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis. Lichen sclerosus is not contagious.
Initial treatment in adults often involves simply pulling back the foreskin and cleaning the penis. [1] However, some topical antibiotic and fungal ointments may be used for treatment for mild cases. Depending upon severity, hydrocortisone and other steroidal creams may be used upon consultation.
The course of treatment depends on the stage of the lesion; topical therapy is necessary for the early plaque stage, while more aggressive therapy is required for the advanced stages. [2] When there is no histological indication of cancer, cryotherapy and topical 5-flourouracil are the recommended courses of treatment. [ 7 ]
[5] [7] Occasionally, phimosis may be caused by an underlying condition such as scarring due to balanitis or balanitis xerotica obliterans. [5] This can typically be diagnosed by seeing scarring of the opening of the foreskin. [5] Generally, treatment is not considered necessary unless the foreskin still cannot be retracted by the age of 18. [4]
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The same person as above shows no signs of balanitis circinata during a treatment with pimecrolimus. Balanitis circinata is one out of multiple manifestations of the reactive arthritis. [citation needed] Right now, topical corticosteroid therapy is the most commonly used treatment, and topical calcineurin inhibitors have also been used ...
Balanitis plasmacellularis is typically asymptomatic. It appears as a orange-red, moist, glossy macular to slightly elevated plaques. Balanitis plasmacellularis most commonly effects the glans penis. The cause of balanitis plasmacellularis is unknown however heat friction and rubbing are possible contributing factors.
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any species of the genus Candida (a yeast). [4] When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush. [3] Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. [3]
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