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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
For a stretched spring fixed at one end obeying Hooke's law, the elastic potential energy is = where r 2 and r 1 are collinear coordinates of the free end of the spring, in the direction of the extension/compression, and k is the spring constant.
Classic model used for deriving the equations of a mass spring damper model. The mass-spring-damper model consists of discrete mass nodes distributed throughout an object and interconnected via a network of springs and dampers. This model is well-suited for modelling object with complex material properties such as nonlinearity and viscoelasticity.
The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve . An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in.
The first constitutive equation (constitutive law) was developed by Robert Hooke and is known as Hooke's law.It deals with the case of linear elastic materials.Following this discovery, this type of equation, often called a "stress-strain relation" in this example, but also called a "constitutive assumption" or an "equation of state" was commonly used.
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility [1] or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal compressibility [2]) is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.
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The bulk modulus (which is usually positive) can be formally defined by the equation K = − V d P d V , {\displaystyle K=-V{\frac {dP}{dV}},} where P {\displaystyle P} is pressure, V {\displaystyle V} is the initial volume of the substance, and d P / d V {\displaystyle dP/dV} denotes the derivative of pressure with respect to volume.