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2. Galling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galling

   Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by slipping and tearing of crystal structure beneath the surface. [2] This will generally leave some material stuck or even friction welded to the adjacent surface, whereas the galled material may appear gouged with balled-up or torn lumps of material ...

3. Cold welding - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_welding

   This allows the broadly defined notions of galling, fretting, stiction and adhesion to overlap in some instances. For example, it is possible for a joint to be the result of both cold (or "vacuum") welding and galling (or fretting or impact). Galling and cold welding, therefore, are not mutually exclusive.

4. Iron gall ink - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_gall_ink

   Oak galls and iron(II) sulfate, ingredients of iron gall ink. Iron gall ink (also known as common ink, standard ink, oak gall ink or iron gall nut ink) is a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from vegetable sources.

5. Asterism (gemology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)

   Asterism is generated by reflections of light from twin-lamellae or from extremely fine needle-shaped acicular inclusions within the stone's crystal structure. [1] A common cause is oriented sub-microscopic crystals of rutile within the gem mineral. It occurs in rubies, sapphires, garnet, diopside, and spinel when a cabochon is cut from a ...

6. Spall - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spall

   Mechanical spalling occurs at high-stress contact points, for example, in a ball bearing.Spalling occurs in preference to brinelling, where the maximal shear stress occurs not at the surface, but just below, shearing the spall off.

7. Dry lubricant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lubricant

   Reciprocating motion. A typical application is a sliding or reciprocating motion that requires lubrication to minimize wear, as, for example, in gear and chain lubrication. Liquid lubricants will squeeze out while solid lubricants do not escape, preventing fretting, corrosion, and galling. Ceramics.

8. Stacking-fault energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking-fault_energy

   A stacking fault is an irregularity in the planar stacking sequence of atoms in a crystal – in FCC metals the normal stacking sequence is ABCABC etc., but if a stacking fault is introduced it may introduce an irregularity such as ABCBCABC into the normal stacking sequence. These irregularities carry a certain energy which is called the ...

9. Gall - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall

   Galls develop on various plant organs, providing nutrition and shelter to inducing insects. Galls display vast variation in morphology, size, and wall composition.The size of insect galls can range significantly, from approximately two inches in diameter to less than one-sixteenth of an inch.