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Einstein–de Haas effect (science) Electro-optic effect (nonlinear optics) Electrocaloric effect (cooling technology) (heat pumps) Electron-cloud effect (particle accelerators) (physics) Electroviscous effects (colloid chemistry) (surface chemistry) ELIZA effect (artificial intelligence) (human–computer interaction) (propositional fallacies)
For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemical potential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical potential for baryon number, electric charge, and so forth. In the case of photons, photons are bosons and can very easily and rapidly appear or disappear. Therefore, at ...
During takeoff, ground effect can cause the aircraft to "float" while below the recommended climb speed. The pilot can then fly just above the runway while the aircraft accelerates in ground effect until a safe climb speed is reached. [2] For rotorcraft, ground effect results in less drag on the rotor during hovering close to the ground. At ...
This cubane derivative has four linkers but the acidic proton still feels the same effect from the C-X dipole because the interaction is a field effect. [ 11 ] In the cis-11,12-dichloro-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethano-2-anthroic acid syn and anti isomers seen below and to the left, the chlorines provide a field effect.
A common example of metastability in science is isomerisation. Higher energy isomers are long lived because they are prevented from rearranging to their preferred ground state by (possibly large) barriers in the potential energy. During a metastable state of finite lifetime, all state-describing parameters reach and hold stationary values.
For example, the ground state of a carbon atom is 3 P (Term symbol). The superscript three (read as triplet) indicates that the multiplicity 2S+1 = 3, so that the total spin S = 1. This spin is due to two unpaired electrons, as a result of Hund's rule which favors the single filling of degenerate orbitals. The triplet consists of three states ...
Energy may be released from a potential well if sufficient energy is added to the system such that the local maximum is surmounted. In quantum physics, potential energy may escape a potential well without added energy due to the probabilistic characteristics of quantum particles; in these cases a particle may be imagined to tunnel through the walls of a potential well.
Fluorescence microscopy relies upon fluorescent compounds, or fluorophores, in order to image biological systems.Since fluorescence and phosphorescence are competitive methods of relaxation, a fluorophore that undergoes intersystem crossing to the triplet excited state no longer fluoresces and instead remains in the triplet excited state, which has a relatively long lifetime, before ...