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Many of the complications require immediate shunt revision (the replacement or reprogramming of the already existing shunt). The common symptoms often resemble a new onset of hydrocephalus, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, double vision, and an alteration of consciousness. This can result in damage to an individual's short-term memory. [10]
Diagnosis of the particular complication usually depends on when the symptoms appear, that is, whether symptoms occur when the person is upright or in a prone position, with the head at roughly the same level as the feet. [51] Standardized protocols for inserting cerebral shunts have been shown to reduce shunt infections.
Gastrointestinal bleeding is another common complication of PSS and has been observed in 8.1% of patients with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. [10] Other complications of CPSS are hyperandrogenism, pancreatitis, vaginal bleeding, and lower urinary tract symptoms like nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and haematuria (presence of blood in the ...
Complications from overdrainage such as subdural haematomas are also possible and can lead to mortality. [6] [35] Shunts in the fourth ventricle (cystoperitoneal shunts, or CP shunts) have a generally high rate of successful cyst and ventricle size reduction, especially in the cyst (at least 80%). With a shunt in the lateral ventricles ...
Shunts fail, typically by obstruction – a life-threatening medical condition requiring the surgical replacement of the shunt. The symptoms of shunt failure are non-specific – headache, nausea, lethargy – so diagnostic tests must be conducted to rule in or rule out surgery.
For example, it may be required for a patient with a lumbar–peritoneal shunt, if multiple revisions are required or overdrainage is occurring, to have it replaced with a ventriculo–peritoneal shunt (VP shunt). Shunt revisions are required due to the following complications: Over drainage; Under drainage; Infection; Blockage or obstruction
This type of shunt, called a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, is particularly useful in cases involving hydrocephalus. By continually draining the syrinx, a shunt can arrest the progression of symptoms and relieve pain, headache, and tightness. [27] Many factors affect the decision to use a shunt.
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.