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The hamza (Arabic: هَمْزَة hamza) (ء ) is an Arabic script character that, in the Arabic alphabet, denotes a glottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates a diphthong, vowel, or other features, depending on the language.
The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, ... such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the ...
The modifier letter right half ring (ʾ) is a character of the Unicode Spacing Modifier Letters range. [1] It is used in romanization to transliterate the Semitic letter aleph and the Arabic letter hamza after it was used by The Encyclopedia of Islam (later the International Journal of Middle East Studies), [2] representing the sound /ʔ/ (a glottal stop, as in Arabic ء hamza).
In the revived Modern Hebrew it is reduced to a glottal stop or is omitted entirely, in part due to European influence. The Phoenician letter is the origin of the Greek, Latin and Cyrillic letters O, O and O. The Arabic character is the origin of the Latin-script letter Ƹ.
The Hamza /ʔ/ (glottal stop) can be written either alone, as if it were a letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a diacritic. [7] Hamzat al-madd (آ) indicates a long /ʔ/ + /aː/ sound as in آسف ʾāsif /ʔaː.sif/ "sorry", while the other Hamzas indicate the glottal stop /ʔ/ in different positions of the word as in مسؤول ...
Additionally, the letter qāf is usually pronounced as a glottal stop, like a hamza in Metropolitan (Cairene) Egyptian Arabic—unlike Standard Arabic in which it represents a voiceless uvular stop. Therefore, in Egyptian Arabizi, the numeral 2 can represent either a Hamza or a qāf pronounced as a glottal stop.
pharyngealized voiced bilabial stop [bˤ] (in Chechen, Ubykh, Siwa, Shihhi Arabic and Iraqi Arabic, allophonic in Adyghe and Kabardian) pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop [qˤ] (in Ubykh, Tsakhur, and Archi) pharyngealized voiced uvular stop [ɢˤ] (in Tsakhur) pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ] (in Shihhi Arabic; allophonic in Chechen)
In the initial position, the glottal stop's phonemic value is debatable and most words that begin with a glottal stop according to Classical Arabic orthography can be analyzed as beginning with a vowel rather than a glottal stop.