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A layered intrusion is a large sill-like body of igneous rock which exhibits vertical layering or differences in composition and texture. These intrusions can be many kilometres in area covering from around 100 km 2 (39 sq mi) to over 50,000 km 2 (19,000 sq mi) and several hundred metres to over one kilometre (3,300 ft) in thickness. [ 1 ]
A sulfide deposit is an ore body or rock containing a great deal of sulfide minerals. Articles on this topic include: Seafloor massive sulfide deposits; Sedimentary exhalative deposits; Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit; Massive sulfide deposits
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and produced by volcanic-associated hydrothermal vents in submarine environments. [2] [3] [4] These deposits are also sometimes called volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits
The intrusion forms a linear body stretching some 30 miles (48 km) and striking roughly N 60 °W and dipping from 50° to near 90° to the northeast. The exposed thickness is around 18,000 feet (5500 m) with an additional estimated 5,000 to 15,000 feet (1524 to 4572 m) having been removed from the top by pre-Cambrian erosion.
Bacterial colonies and deposits can form concentration cells, causing and enhancing galvanic corrosion. [3] Bacterial corrosion may appear in form of pitting corrosion, for example in pipelines of the oil and gas industry. [4] Anaerobic corrosion is evident as layers of metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide smell.
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In an ideal exhalative model, hot dense brines flow to depressed areas of the ocean topography where they mix with cooler, less dense, sea water, causing the dissolved metal and sulfur in the brine to precipitate from solution as a solid metal sulfide ore, deposited as layers of sulfide sediment. [1]
After being exposed to air and water, oxidation of metal sulfides (often pyrite, which is iron-sulfide) within the surrounding rock and overburden generates acidity. Colonies of bacteria and archaea greatly accelerate the decomposition of metal ions, although the reactions also occur in an abiotic environment.