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The term white paper originated with the British government, with the Churchill White Paper of 1922 being an early example. [4] In the British government, a white paper is usually the less extensive version of the so-called blue book, both terms being derived from the colour of the document's cover.
Pages in category "White papers" The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
According to the manifesto, "Science and technology indicators are prone to conceptual ambiguity and uncertainty and require strong assumptions that are not universally accepted. The meaning of citation counts, for example, has long been debated. Thus, best practice uses multiple indicators to provide a more robust and pluralistic picture." [8]
These include literature reviews, systematic review articles, topical monographs, specialist textbooks, handbooks, and white papers by major scientific associations. News reports are also secondary sources, but should be used with caution as they are seldom written by persons with disciplinary expertise.
The Bitcoin white paper is a nine-page paper with 12 sections plus an abstract that details a new kind of digital currency or online payment system. At the time the paper was written, Bitcoin did ...
The terms "free", "subscription", and "free & subscription" will refer to the availability of the website as well as the journal articles used. Furthermore, some programs are only partly free (for example, accessing abstracts or a small number of items), whereas complete access is prohibited (login or institutional subscription required).
By 2004, it was noted that the output of scientific papers originating from the European Union had a larger share of the world's total from 36.6% to 39.3% and from 32.8% to 37.5% of the "top one per cent of highly cited scientific papers". However, the United States' output dropped from 52.3% to 49.4% of the world's total, and its portion of ...
White papers, green papers, treaties, government responses, draft bills, reports from royal commissions, reports from independent inquiries and various government organisations can be released as command papers, so called because they are presented to Parliament formally "By His Majesty's Command".