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EcoSim is an individual-based predator-prey ecosystem simulation in which agents can evolve. It has been designed to investigate several broad ecological questions, as well as long-term evolutionary patterns and processes such as speciation and macroevolution.
The Kolmogorov model addresses a limitation of the Volterra equations by imposing self-limiting growth in prey populations, preventing unrealistic exponential growth scenarios. It also provides a predictive model for the qualitative behavior of predator-prey systems without requiring explicit functional forms for the interaction terms. [5]
The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model makes a number of assumptions about the environment and biology of the predator and prey populations: [5] The prey population finds ample food at all times. The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
To capture prey, predators have a spectrum of pursuit modes that range from overt chase (pursuit predation) to a sudden strike on nearby prey (ambush predation). [ 25 ] [ 39 ] [ 12 ] Another strategy in between ambush and pursuit is ballistic interception , where a predator observes and predicts a prey's motion and then launches its attack ...
The form is similar to the Lotka–Volterra equations for predation in that the equation for each species has one term for self-interaction and one term for the interaction with other species. In the equations for predation, the base population model is exponential. For the competition equations, the logistic equation is the basis.
A simple multiagent model in NetLogo is the Wolf-Sheep Predation model, [21] which is shown in the screenshot above. It models the population growth of a predator/prey system over time. It has the following characteristics: There are two breeds of turtles, called sheep and wolves. Sheep and wolves move randomly and have limited energy.
A structural diagram of the open ocean plankton ecosystem model of Fasham, Ducklow & McKelvie (1990). [1]An ecosystem model is an abstract, usually mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an ecological community, or even an entire biome), which is studied to better understand the real system.
Examples include predator-prey competition and host-parasite co-evolution, as well as mutualism. Evolutionary game models have been created for pairwise and multi-species coevolutionary systems. [58] The general dynamic differs between competitive systems and mutualistic systems.