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Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, indirect discourse (US), or ōrātiō oblīqua (/ ə ˈ r eɪ ʃ ɪ oʊ ə ˈ b l aɪ k w ə / or / oʊ ˈ r ɑː t ɪ oʊ ɒ ˈ b l iː k w ə /), [1] is the practice, common in all Latin historical writers, of reporting spoken or written words indirectly, using different grammatical forms.
In Latin, there are different modes of indicating past, present and future processes. There is the basic mode of free clauses and there are multiple dependent modes found exclusively in dependent clauses. [1] In particular, there is the 'infinitive' mode for reported satetements and the 'subjunctive' mode for reported questions.
In Latin grammar, indirect speech is called ōrātiō oblīqua [9] (direct speech is called ōrātiō recta). An indirect statement or question can replace the direct object of a verb that is related to thought or communication.
When the indirect speech is an indirect question, or a quīn clause, rather than an indirect statement, the construction in the apodosis is the same, except that the perfect infinitive fuisse is replaced by the perfect subjunctive fuerit: dīc agedum, Appī Claudī, quidnam factūrus fuerīs, sī eō tempore cēnsor fuissēs? (Livy) [189]
In indirect statements and questions, the active periphrastic future can represent a future or periphrastic future tense of direct speech in primary sequence. In this case there is not necessarily any idea of planning or intention, although there may be: [152] tē ubī vīsūrus sim, nesciō (Cicero) [153] 'I don't know when I'm going to see you'
direct speech expressions from Latin grammar oratio obliqua: indirect speech: oratio pro domo: speech for [one's own] house: also abbreviated pro domo; speak on one's own behalf; based on a speech by Cicero in legal proceedings in 57 AD to regain his house on the Palatine Hill that was confiscated during his exile [2] orbis non sufficit
Propagated indirect command Paradigm Latin example English translation 'present subjunctive' Petō abs tē, ut haec dīligenter cūrēs. Thyillus tē rōgat et ego eius rōgātū Eymolpidon patria. (Cicero) [18] 'I am asking from you to administer this with love. Thyillus is telling you and I am telling you at his request (to administer) the ...
The infinitive has two main tenses (present and perfect) as well as a number of periphrastic tenses used in reported speech. Latin tenses do not have exact English equivalents, so that often the same tense can be translated in different ways depending on its context: for example, dūcō can be translated as 'I lead', 'I am leading' or 'I led ...
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