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The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).
Surface energy – Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior; Surface science – Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases; Surface tension – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area; Thermodynamics – Physics of heat, work, and temperature
Gibbs emphasized that for solids, the surface free energy may be completely different from surface stress (what he called surface tension): [14]: 315 the surface free energy is the work required to form the surface, while surface stress is the work required to stretch the surface. In the case of a two-fluid interface, there is no distinction ...
A basic understanding of the terminology of cleavage energy, surface energy, and surface tension is very helpful for understanding the physical state and the events that happen at a given surface, but as discussed below, the theory of these variables also yields some interesting effects that concern the practicality of adhesive surfaces in ...
A surface state is described by the energy and its wave vector | | parallel to the surface, while a bulk state is characterized by both | | and wave numbers. In the two-dimensional Brillouin zone of the surface, for each value of k | | {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} _{||}} therefore a rod of k ⊥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} _{\perp }} is extending ...
A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms. The surface might define the energy as a function of one or more coordinates; if there is only one coordinate, the surface is called a potential energy ...
The stress across a surface element (yellow disk) is the force that the material on one side (top ball) exerts on the material on the other side (bottom ball), divided by the area of the surface. Following the basic premises of continuum mechanics, stress is a macroscopic concept.
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. [1]