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T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, [1] found in the bone marrow.
In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154, which is the molecular basis of T cell helper function. Seth Lederman at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8 that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells which characterized the 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on CD4 + T cells. [16]
The Linker for activation of T cells, also known as linker of activated T cells or LAT, is a protein involved in the T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway which in humans is encoded by the LAT gene. [5] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [6]
T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation causes the dephosphorylation of NFAT which in almost every kind of T cell then forms a complex with AP-1 (except in Tregs). This complex depending on the cytokine context then activates the key transcription factors of the distinct T cell subpopulations: T-bet for Th1, GATA3 for Th2, RORγ for Th17 and BATF for ...
Activated T helper cells such as T h 1, T h 2, and T h 17 are found in the synovial cavity during the time of inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis. The known mechanisms associated with the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts involve the signaling molecules produced by immune-associated cells, as well as the ...
Activation of T cells without co-stimulation may lead to the unresponsiveness of the T cell (also called anergy), apoptosis or the acquisition of the immune tolerance. [ 3 ] The counterpart of the co-stimulatory signal is a (co-)inhibitory signal, where inhibitory molecules interact with different signaling pathways in order to arrest T cell ...
Activated effector T cells can be placed into three functioning classes, detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen: The first class being 1) Cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells by apoptosis without using cytokines, 2) T h 1 cells, which primarily function to activate macrophages, and 3) T h 2 cells ...
T cells need three signals to become fully activated. Signal 1 is provided by the T-cell receptor when recognising a specific antigen on a MHC molecule. Signal 2 comes from co-stimulatory receptors on T cell such as CD28, triggered via ligands presented on the surface of other immune cells such as CD80 and CD86. These co-stimulatory receptors ...