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To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Most propofol is conjugated in the liver with pharmacologically inactive metabolites. [33] Although it has a long terminal elimination half-life of 4 to 30 hours, plasma concentrations remain low after the typical induction dose. [33]
They use simple tools to access the sap, which averages 3.1% ABV. This behavior suggests that ethanol does not deter feeding and indicates that the last common ancestor of African apes and humans likely consumed foods containing ethanol. [6] Chimpanzees at Bossou consumed large amounts of ethanol and showed signs of intoxication.
[4] [6] Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are present at their highest concentrations (in liver mitochondria). [98] [107] But these enzymes are widely expressed throughout the body, such as in the stomach and small intestine. [2] Some alcohol undergoes a first pass of metabolism in these areas, before it ever enters the ...
Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia.Its use has been largely replaced with that of propofol, but may retain some popularity as an induction agent for rapid-sequence induction and intubation, such as in obstetrics. [12]
Inaccurate timing of last meal can also increase the risk for aspiration of food, and lead to serious complications. [ 6 ] An important aspect of pre-anaesthetic evaluation is an assessment of the patient's airway , involving inspection of the mouth opening and visualisation of the soft tissues of the pharynx . [ 19 ]
4-Iodopropofol is a drug derived from the commonly used sedative anaesthetic agent, propofol. 4-Iodopropofol has similar effects to propofol on isolated receptors ...
Alcohol intoxication leads to negative health effects due to the recent drinking of large amount of ethanol (alcohol). [6] [20] When severe it may become a medical emergency. Some effects of alcohol intoxication, such as euphoria and lowered social inhibition, are central to alcohol's desirability. [21]