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2. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

   While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils. This is the grade-level equivalence chart recommended by Fountas & Pinnell. [4] [5]

3. Forest ecology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_ecology

   Forest ecology shares characteristics and methodological approaches with other areas of terrestrial plant ecology, however, the presence of trees makes forest ecosystems and their study unique in numerous ways due to the potential for a wide variety of forest structures created by the uniquely large size and height of trees compared with other ...

4. Ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

   [3] [4]: 5 [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. [5] "Ecosystem processes" are the transfers of energy and materials from one pool to another. [2]: 458 Ecosystem processes are known to "take place at a wide range of scales". Therefore, the correct scale of study depends on the ...

5. Biogeography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography

   Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. [1] Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the ...

6. Reading - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

   Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

7. Column: How Mississippi gamed its national reading test ...

   www.aol.com/news/column-mississippi-gamed...

   The reference is to that benighted state's surprising success in improving reading scores for its fourth-graders through a focused program of literacy instruction for teachers and pupils alike.