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Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN). Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN. The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages received as mobile phones roam around.
Fractional lambda switching implies switching fractions of optical channels as opposed to whole lambda switching where whole optical channels are the switching unit. In this context, TDS has the same general objectives as optical burst switching and optical packet switching: realizing all-optical networks with high wavelength utilization.
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is at functional Level 4. Together with MTP Level 3 it is called the Network Service Part (NSP). SCCP completes the functions of the OSI network layer: end-to-end addressing and routing, connectionless messages (UDTs), and management services for users of the Network Service Part (NSP). [15]
The physical network topology can be directly represented in a network diagram, as it is simply the physical graph represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection). [3] The logical network topology can be inferred from the network diagram if details ...
When the MSC gets the call, it checks its database for the location of the phone. Then it picks a frequency pair the phone will use in that cell to take the call. The MSC communicates with the phone over the control channel to tell it which frequencies to use, and once the phone and the tower switch on those frequencies, the call is connected.
The method of establishing the connection and monitoring its progress and termination through the network may also utilize a separate control channel as in the case of links between telephone exchanges which use CCS7 packet-switched signalling protocol to communicate the call setup and control information and use TDM to transport the actual ...
The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock. GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
Autonegotiation can be used by devices that are capable of more than one transmission rate, different duplex modes (half duplex and full duplex), and different transmission standards at the same speed (though in practice only one standard at each speed is widely supported).