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The coinage metals comprise those metallic chemical elements and alloys which have been used to mint coins. Historically, most coinage metals are from the three nonradioactive members of group 11 of the periodic table: copper, silver and gold. Copper is usually augmented with tin or other metals to form bronze.
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Header of U.S. Patent #191,146, "Improvement in Metal Alloys for Commercial Coin" Goloid is an alloy of silver, gold and copper patented by Dr. William Wheeler Hubbell on May 22, 1877 (U.S. patent #191,146). The patent specifies 1 part gold (about 3.6%), 24 parts silver (about 87.3%), and 2.5 parts copper (about 9.1%, all by weight); however ...
Electrum was a popular coinage-metal until people discovered that it is a natural alloy of the 4 components of copper, silver, gold, and other. Gold, silver, and copper stick together because of their chemical properties. After we discovered that electrum is an alloy, we made coins from the componet-metals, e.g. copper, silver, gold.
Group 11 is also known as the coinage metals, due to their usage in minting coins [2] —while the rise in metal prices mean that silver and gold are no longer used for circulating currency, remaining in use for bullion, copper remains a common metal in coins to date, either in the form of copper clad coinage or as part of the cupronickel alloy.
Billon (/ ˈ b ɪ l ən /) is an alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a majority base metal content (such as copper). It is used chiefly for making coins, medals, and token coins. The word comes from the French bille, which means 'log'. [1]
The term comes from the initial use of the process: manufacturing of coins. Coining is used to manufacture parts for all industries and is commonly used when high relief or very fine features are required. For example, it is used to produce coins, badges, buttons, precision-energy springs and precision parts with small or polished surface features.
As with the other coinage metal NHC complexes, the most common supporting ligands are halides or pseudo-halides. [1] Interest in expanding the scope of Au NHC complexes has grown rapidly following the discovery of catalytic applications and the ease of synthesis through Ag I NHC transmetalation.
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