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Specific gravity is commonly measured with urine test strips, but refractometers may also be used. [41] Reagent strip readings are based on the concentration of ions in the sample, while refractometer readings are affected by other substances such as glucose and protein. [42]
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... Ehrlich units or mg/dL Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d
If potassium is being lost through the kidneys, urine potassium will likely be high. If urine potassium is low, this suggests a non-renal cause. [7] Urinary calcium (Ca) – per day: 2.5: 6.25: mmol / 24 h: An abnormally high level is called hypercalciuria and an abnormally low rate is called hypocalciuria. 14637-3: 100 [8] 250 [8] mg / 24 ...
[6] [8] It should be remembered that the test strip only measures cation concentration, it is therefore possible that urine with a high concentration of non-ionic solutes (such as glucose or urea) or with high molecular weight compounds (such as the media used to provide radiographic contrast) will yield a result that will be erroneously lower ...
Urine osmolality — measure of the solute concentration of urine [16] Urine specific gravity ― another measure of urine concentration [16] Urine electrolyte levels — measurement of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium in urine [17] Urine anion gap — used to distinguish between some causes of metabolic acidosis [18]
The anion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is calculated to identify metabolic acidosis. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.
Adults generally have a specific gravity in the range of 1.010 to 1.030. Increases in specific gravity (hypersthenuria, i.e. increased concentration of solutes in the urine) may be associated with dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria, renal artery stenosis, hepatorenal syndrome, decreased blood flow to the kidney (especially as a result ...
Usually the most important unmeasured ion in urine is NH 4 + since it is the most important form of acid excretion by the kidney. [5] Urine NH 4 + is difficult to measure directly, but its excretion is usually accompanied by the anion chloride. A negative urine anion gap can be used as evidence of increased NH 4 + excretion. In a metabolic ...
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