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Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. [1] McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Douglas Murray McGregor (September 6, 1906 – October 1, 1964) was an American management professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and president of Antioch College from 1948 to 1954. [1]
Douglas McGregor proposed his X-Y theory in his 1960 book 'The Human Side Of Enterprise'. Theory X and Theory Y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.
Theory Y conversely suggests that it is human nature to be motivated by objectives and gain satisfaction through the completion of work. [2] Those who believe in Theory Y believe that it is the responsibility of management to foster environments where employees can develop potential and utilize their skills to achieve objectives. [ 3 ]
Douglas McGregor proposed two different motivational theories. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Theory X states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Most workers do not want responsibilities, lack ambition, and value job security more than anything ...
Kopelman and colleagues have co-authored four articles and a chapter that yielded the development of a construct valid measure of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. After 60 years and several studies that failed to find support for McGregor’s seminal theorizing, in 2015, he published an article demonstrating the validity of Theory X/Y ...
Theory Z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y.Theories X, Y and various versions of Z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development.
This belief is in accordance with one of Douglas McGregor's philosophical views of humankind, Theory X. This concept proposes that it is a leader's role to coerce and control followers because people have an inherent aversion to work and will abstain from it whenever possible.