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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
The Edgeworth box is named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, [4] who presented it in his book Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, 1881. [5] Edgeworth's original two-axis depiction was developed into the now familiar box diagram by Pareto in his 1906 Manual of Political Economy and was ...
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.
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Other economics handbooks, whether general or specialized, may come from publishers as part of a series beyond extending economics [11] or on ad hoc basis. [ 12 ] A Google Scholar "economics handbook" search indexes the range of topics treated, as does a New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online article search by topics, using the JEL ...
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