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In World War II and beyond, the diagnosis of "shell shock" was replaced by that of combat stress reaction, which is a similar but not identical response to the trauma of warfare and bombardment. Despite medical alerts, long-term trouble was disregarded as a cowardice and weakness of mind by military leadership. [ 5 ]
Before the term post-traumatic stress disorder was established, people that exhibited symptoms were said to have shell shock [6] [5] [2] [3] or war neuroses. [8] [3] [9] This terminology came about in WWI when a commonality among combat soldiers was identified during psychiatric evaluations. [3]
Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest. The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates. On July 28, 1932, U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property.
The act awarded veterans additional pay in various forms, with only limited payments available in the short term. The value of each veteran's "credit" was based on each recipient's service in the United States Armed Forces between April 5, 1917, and July 1, 1919, with $1.00 awarded for each day served in the United States and $1.25 for each day served abroad.
Trench rats are often portrayed in modern films about World War I, with specific films such as Deathwatch (2002), Passchendaele (2008) and 1917 (2019) showing scenes where the rats chewed off an injured soldier's legs, came out of a corpse and ate from the rations hung up by soldiers—portraying the rats in a horrifying light.
Some troops leave the battlefield injured. Others return from war with mental wounds. Yet many of the 2 million Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffer from a condition the Defense Department refuses to acknowledge: Moral injury.
The shock of peace: military and economic demobilization after World War II (1983) online; Bennett, Michael J. When Dreams Came True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America (Brassey's, 1996). Childers, Thomas. Soldier from the war returning: The greatest generation's troubled homecoming from World War II (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 ...
After a drawn out Iraq War, the highly-publicized Benghazi hearings and years of what many see as an unchanged Washington hierarchy, an August Washington Post piece notes Trump offered veterans "a ...