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2. Freshwater ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem

   Freshwater ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations over time, which has impacted various characteristics of the ecosystems. [4] Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (for example cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). [ 5 ]

3. Terrestrial ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem

   Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi 2 (144,150,000 km 2), or 28.26% of Earth's surface. [5] Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems are members of the division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), of which there are about 275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta (conifers), of which there are about 500 species.

4. Ecosystem ecology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology

   Ecosystem services are ecologically mediated functional processes essential to sustaining healthy human societies. [6] Water provision and filtration, production of biomass in forestry, agriculture, and fisheries, and removal of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere are examples of ecosystem services essential to public health and economic opportunity.

5. Forest ecology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_ecology

   Every parameter is scored between 0 and 5 for each considered species, and then a global mean value calculated. A value above 3.5 is considered high, below 3.0 low, and intermediate for those in between. In this study Fagus sylvatica has a score of 3.82, Fraxinus excelsior 3.08 and Juglans regia 2.92; and are examples of the three categories.

6. Ecology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology

   Ecosystems may be habitats within biomes that form an integrated whole and a dynamically responsive system having both physical and biological complexes. Ecosystem ecology is the science of determining the fluxes of materials (e.g. carbon, phosphorus) between different pools (e.g., tree biomass, soil organic material).

7. Ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

   [3] [4]: 5 [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. [5] "Ecosystem processes" are the transfers of energy and materials from one pool to another. [2]: 458 Ecosystem processes are known to "take place at a wide range of scales". Therefore, the correct scale of study depends on the ...

8. River ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem

   [4] River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin lotus, meaning washed. Lotic waters range from springs only a few centimeters wide to major rivers kilometers in width. [5] Much of this article applies to lotic ecosystems in general, including related lotic systems such as streams and ...

9. Natural environment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

   A more significant number or variety of species or biological diversity of an ecosystem may contribute to greater resilience of an ecosystem because there are more species present at a location to respond to change and thus "absorb" or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure changes to a different state.