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2. Activated carbon - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon

   Activated carbon. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area [1] [2] available for adsorption or chemical reactions [3] that can be thought of as a microscopic "sponge" structure (adsorption ...

3. Electrochemical regeneration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_regeneration

   Activated carbon is often landfilled at the end of its useful life but sometimes it is possible to regenerate it restoring its adsorptive capacity allowing it to be re-used. Thermal regeneration is the most prolific regeneration technique but has drawbacks in terms of high energy and commercial costs and a significant carbon footprint . [ 3 ]

4. Recrystallization (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)

   Thermally activated. The rate of the microscopic mechanisms controlling the nucleation and growth of recrystallized grains depend on the annealing temperature. Arrhenius-type equations indicate an exponential relationship. Critical temperature. Following from the previous rule it is found that recrystallization requires a minimum temperature ...

5. Carbon filtering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filtering

   As a result, the substrate has a large surface area within which contaminants can be trapped. Activated carbon is typically used in filters, as it has been treated to have a much higher surface area than non treated carbon. One gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 3,000 m 2 (32,000 sq ft). [2] [3] [4]

6. Cryogenic hardening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening

   Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301 °F), typically using liquid nitrogen.It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature.

7. Carburizing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburizing

   Carburization can be used to increase the surface hardness of low carbon steel. [ 3 ] Early carburization used a direct application of charcoal packed around the sample to be treated (initially referred to as case hardening ), but modern techniques use carbon-bearing gases or plasmas (such as carbon dioxide or methane ).

8. Argon oxygen decarburization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization

   The stages of blowing remove carbon by the combination of oxygen and carbon forming CO gas. 4 Cr (bath) + 3 O 2 → 2 Cr 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3(slag) + 3 C (bath) → 3 CO (gas) + 2 Cr (bath) To drive the reaction to the forming of CO, the partial pressure of CO is lowered using argon or nitrogen. Since the AOD vessel is not externally heated, the ...

9. Annealing (materials science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)

   For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating rate and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required.