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  2. Amniocentesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis

    Maternal and fetal blood cells may mix during an amniocentesis and, as a result, patients with rhesus (RhD) negative blood types carrying a RhD positive fetus are at risk of Rh sensitization. [ 42 ] [ 1 ] Rh sensitization is a process in which maternal antibodies form against red blood cell RhD antigens. [ 20 ]

  3. Maternal–fetal medicine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternalfetal_medicine

    The development of amniocentesis in 1952, fetal blood sampling during labor in the early 1960s, more precise fetal heart monitoring in 1968, and real-time ultrasound in 1971 resulted in early intervention and lower mortality rates. [2]

  4. Prenatal testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_testing

    Measurement of fetal proteins in maternal serum is a part of standard prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy and neural tube defects. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Computational predictive model shows that extensive and diverse feto-maternal protein trafficking occurs during pregnancy and can be readily detected non-invasively in maternal whole blood . [ 29 ]

  5. Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_umbilical...

    Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis, fetal blood sampling, or umbilical vein sampling is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities. [1] Fetal and maternal blood supply are typically connected in utero with one

  6. Cardiotocography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotocography

    Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2]

  7. Artificial rupture of membranes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_rupture_of...

    This provides a much more reliable indication of the fetal well being than external monitoring alone. Internal fetal monitoring is often performed if there is a complication such as maternal disease, or if there is fetal distress or if the mother is being induced. 3. To check the color of the fluid.

  8. Contraction stress test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_stress_test

    A negative result is highly predictive of fetal wellbeing and tolerance of labor. The test has a poor positive predictive value with false-positive results in as many as 30% of cases. [4] [5] A positive CST indicates high risk of fetal death due to hypoxia [3] and is a contraindication to labor. Patient's obstetricians usually consider ...

  9. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_alpha-fetoprotein

    Usual follow-up steps include (1) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and/or (2) measurement of AFP in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) varies by orders of magnitude during the course of a normal pregnancy. MSAFP increases rapidly until about 32 weeks gestation, then decreases gradually.