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With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512. On magneto-optical media, which can have 1 or 2 KB sectors instead of 0.5 KB, this size limit is proportionally larger.
Valid data length (VDL): through the use of two distinct lengths fields – one for "allocated space" and the other for "valid data" – exFAT can preallocate a file without leaking data that was previously on-disk. Cluster size up to 32 MB. [15] Metadata integrity with checksums. [clarification needed] Template-based metadata structures.
Storing small files on a filesystem with large clusters will therefore waste disk space; such wasted disk space is called slack space. For cluster sizes which are small versus the average file size, the wasted space per file will be statistically about half of the cluster size; for large cluster sizes, the wasted space will become greater.
The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is 2 32 − 1 clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64 KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256 TB minus 64 KB. Using the default cluster size of 4 KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16 TB minus 4 KB.
For most DOS-based operating systems, the maximum cluster size remains at 32 KB (or 64 KB) even for sector sizes larger than 512 bytes. For logical sector sizes of 1 KB, 2 KB and 4 KB, Windows NT 4.0 supports cluster sizes of 128 KB, while for 2 KB and 4 KB sectors the cluster size can reach 256 KB.
Starting with Windows 11 build 22621.2338, ReFS is re-introduced via a Dev Drive feature; allowing fixed storage drives and VHDs to be formatted as ReFS, with special file and Microsoft Defender policies added during use. The cluster size of a ReFS volume is either 4 KB or 64 KB. [19]
Microsoft expects an MSR to be present on every GPT disk, and recommends it to be created as the disk is initially partitioned. [4] The GPT label for this partition type is E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE. [2] The Microsoft-recommended size of MSR (which Windows Setup uses by default) is different for each version of Windows:
Free disk space Windows 95: ... Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 — 32 GB — — — Windows Server 2003 R1/SP1 Standard: 4 GB — 32 GB — —