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From the 1970s to 1980s, Black feminists formed groups that addressed the role of Black women in Black nationalism, gay liberation, and second-wave feminism. [7] Alice Walker , bell hooks , Kimberlé Crenshaw , Angela Davis , and Patricia Hill Collins have emerged as leading academics on Black feminism, while Black celebrities have encouraged ...
Shirley Anita Chisholm (/ ˈ tʃ ɪ z ə m / CHIZ-əm; née St. Hill; November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first Black woman to be elected to the United States Congress. [1]
In the 1970s, the National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) sought to address issues unique to Black women such as racism, sexism, and classism. Though in previous years feminism and suffrage had been considered a white women's fight, NBFO "refused to make Black women choose between being Black and being female."
Many Black women participating in informal leadership positions, acting as natural "bridge leaders" and, thus, working in the background in communities and rallying support for the movement at a local level, partly explains why standard narratives neglect to acknowledge the imperative roles of women in the civil rights movement.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the term "African American" includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in any of the black racial groups of Africa. [2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.
Her anthology The Black Woman (1970), including poetry, short stories, and essays by Nikki Giovanni, Audre Lorde, Alice Walker, Paule Marshall and herself, as well as work by Bambara's students from the SEEK program, was the first feminist collection to focus on African-American women.
In 1970, the pamphlet was revised, then published in The Black Woman, an anthology edited by Toni Cade Bambara in 1970. A revised version was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement , edited by Robin Morgan .
Stern was the first black woman to appear by herself on the cover of Playboy magazine in the October 1971 issue. Her appearance followed Jean Bell who was featured on the magazine's January 1970 cover, though with four other models. She began her career in the late 1960s as a bank teller and hostess for the Top of the Hancock Building Restaurant.