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When the naira was introduced, it had an official exchange rate of US$1.52 for ₦1, though a currency black market existed in which the naira traded at a discount relative to the official exchange rate. The official exchange rate set by the Central Bank of Nigeria: naira to U.S. dollar is approximately ₦767.54 per 1 US dollar.
Exchange-rate flexibility; Dollarization; Fixed exchange rate; Floating exchange rate; Linked exchange rate; Managed float regime; Dual exchange rate; List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves; Markets; Foreign exchange market; Futures exchange; Retail foreign exchange trading; Assets; Currency; Currency future; Currency forward; Non ...
Under this new policy, the currency's value would be determined by the market. [4] [5] The IMF urged Ethiopia to liberalize its foreign exchange market as a condition for receiving $10.7 billion in external financing. [6]
But the rise of technology has led to an evolved "black market" -- and rather than exotic animals and tangible exports, data like credit card information and even streaming accounts are up for grabs.
The exchange rate is grossly more favourable to the seller of the foreign currency than is the official bank rate, but such trading is usually illegal. [ citation needed ] In many rural areas there is still a strong bartering culture, the exchanged items being of more immediate value than official currency (following the principle that one can ...
PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP. [4] On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures. [5]
In both Ethiopia and India, the World Bank Group declined to direct its clients to fully compensate the affected communities. In response to complaints about the Badia East evictions in Nigeria, the World Bank embraced a shortcut that fell short of its promise that people affected by projects will be fully compensated for their losses.
A black market in Shinbashi in 1946 Illegal street traders in Barcelona in 2015. A black market, underground economy, shadow market or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose ...